---
id: glottal-to-noise-excitation-ratio
title: Glottal-to-noise Excitation Ratio (GNE)
---

Glottal-to-noise excitation ratio, as introduced by Michaelis and colleagues[^1], is an indirect measure of breathiness, indicating whether a “given voice signal originates from vibrations in the vocal folds or from turbulent noise generated in the vocal tract.”

[^1]: Michaelis, D., Gramss, T., & Strube, H. W. (1997). Glottal-to-noise excitation ratio–a new measure for describing pathological voices. Acta Acustica united with Acustica, 83(4), 700-706.

## Raw Variables

| Variable      | Description |
| ----------- | ----------- |
| `aco_gne`      | **Glottal-to-noise excitation ratio.** Frame-wise measurements of glottal-to-noise excitation ratio.    |

## Derived Variables

| Variable      | Description |
| ----------- | ----------- |
| `aco_gne_mean`      | **Glottal-to-noise excitation ratio mean.** Mean of `aco_hnr` across the audio file.     |
| `aco_gne_std`      | **Glottal-to-noise excitation ratio standard deviation.** Standard deviation of `aco_gne` across the audio file.     |